Online Appendix: The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe: Context, theory and evidence

This online appendix supplements the literature review The labor market integration of immigrant women in Europe: Context, theory and evidence by Bentley Schieckoff, University of Konstanz, and Maximilian Sprengholz, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (2021, mimeo). We provide descriptive statistics on:

We highlight just a few facets of the presented data in the manuscript, a lot more can be explored here.

1.2 Data

We define immigrants as persons who reside in a country in which they were not born (For). In some cases, we additionally differentiate by immigrant origin group: EU-born (EU) or non-EU born (TC). Natives (Nat) are not foreign-born.

We provide some additional notes on the respective samples and measures in the figure notes. For measurement details, please see the documentations provided on the linked webpages.

The order of presentation of destination countries corresponds to a (history based) grouping into north-western Europe (NWE), southern Europe (SE), and central and eastern Europe (CEE). We restrict destinations to countries for which data is available from both UNDESA and Eurostat:

Destination Country Group	Countries
North-western Europe	Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK
Southern Europe	Greece, Malta, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Central and eastern Europe	Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia

2 Immigrant population across Europe

Figure A1. Immigrant population across Europe by gender and origin groups, 2019 — **Figure A1.** Immigrant population across Europe by gender and origin groups, 2019

The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right.
Source: UNDESA

Figure A2. Main countries of origin by gender and destination country, 2019 — **Figure A2.** Main countries of origin by gender and destination country, 2019

The share is relative to the total population of immigrants conditional on gender.
Source: UNDESA

3 Labor force participation

Figure A3. Nativity and gender gaps in labor force participation rates by country, 2019 — **Figure A3.** Nativity and gender gaps in labor force participation rates by country, 2019

Age 15-64. Immigrants include all immigrants for which there is data available, irrespective of origin. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A4. Labor force participation rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A4.** Labor force participation rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Age 15-64. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A5. Trend in nativity and gender gaps in labor force participation rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A5.** Trend in nativity and gender gaps in labor force participation rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’ Values for EU- and non-EU-immigrants refer to EU28, but in many cases there are also Eurostat figures available for EU15 (including earlier years), see source.
Source: Eurostat

4 Unemployment

Figure A6. Nativity and gender gaps in unemployment rates by country, 2019 — **Figure A6.** Nativity and gender gaps in unemployment rates by country, 2019

The unemployment rate represents a share of the population active on the labor market. Immigrants include all immigrants for which there is data available, irrespective of origin. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A7. Unemployment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A7.** Unemployment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

The unemployment rate represents a share of the population active on the labor market. Age 15-64. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A8. Trend in nativity and gender gaps in unemployment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A8.** Trend in nativity and gender gaps in unemployment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

The unemployment rate represents a share of the population active on the labor market. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

5 Part-time employment

Figure A9. Nativity and gender gaps in part-time employment rates by country, 2019 — **Figure A9.** Nativity and gender gaps in part-time employment rates by country, 2019

Part-time employment largely based on respondents self-assessment. Immigrants include all immigrants for which there is data available, irrespective of origin. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A10. Part-time employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A10.** Part-time employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Part-time employment largely based on respondents self-assessment. Age 15-64. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A11. Trend in nativity and gender gaps in part-time employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A11.** Trend in nativity and gender gaps in part-time employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Part-time employment largely based on respondents self-assessment. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’ Values for EU- and non-EU-immigrants refer to EU28, but in many cases there are also Eurostat figures available for EU15 (including earlier years), see source.
Source: Eurostat

6 Temporary employment

Figure A12. Nativity and gender gaps in temporary employment rates by country, 2019 — **Figure A12.** Nativity and gender gaps in temporary employment rates by country, 2019

Temporary employment indicates no permanent work contract. Immigrants include all immigrants for which there is data available, irrespective of origin. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A13. Temporary employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A13.** Temporary employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Temporary employment indicates no permanent work contract. Age 15-64. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A14. Trend in nativity and gender gaps in temporary employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A14.** Trend in nativity and gender gaps in temporary employment rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Temporary employment indicates no permanent work contract. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’ Values for EU- and non-EU-immigrants refer to EU28, but in many cases there are also Eurostat figures available for EU15 (including earlier years), see source.
Source: Eurostat

7 Overqualification

Figure A15. Nativity and gender gaps in overqualification rates by country, 2019 — **Figure A15.** Nativity and gender gaps in overqualification rates by country, 2019

Overqualification measure based on respondent’s self-assessment that qualifications and skills would allow more demanding tasks than current job. Immigrants include all immigrants for which there is data available, irrespective of origin. Age 15-64. Markers represent the values obtained by subtracting the comparison group value from the value for immigrant women. The dashed vertical lines separate northern-western Europe (NWE) on the left, southern Europe (SE) in the center, and central and eastern Europe (CEE) on the right. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat

Figure A16. Overqualification rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019 — **Figure A16.** Overqualification rates by country, gender and origin group, 2019

Overqualification measure based on respondent’s self-assessment that qualifications and skills would allow more demanding tasks than current job. Age 15-64. Lighter shades of markers represent the Eurostat flag ‘low reliability.’
Source: Eurostat