Distribution, ecology, and conservation of Xenarthra in Bolivia — update to 2021

Abstract

We present an update on the taxonomy, distribution, ecology, threats, and conservation status of Bolivian Xenarthra (orders Cingulata and Pilosa) based on articles published between 2010 and 2021. The Andean hairy armadillo Chaetophractus nationi has been synonymized with the less threatened C. vellerosus. Cabassous squamicaudis has been revalidated for Bolivia. Dasypus kappleri has been divided into three species; D. beniensis is the species present in Bolivia. Cyclopes didactylus was divided into seven species; C. catellus is the species in Bolivia. Chlamyphorus was divided into two genera; Calyptophractus retusus is the species in Bolivia. Recent camera trap and biodiversity surveys extend records of Xenarthra into the dry forests of the central and southern Andes of Bolivia. No comprehensive population assessment or basic ecological studies were undertaken for any Xenarthra species in the country during the period. However, indirectly, armadillos and anteaters have been included in recent studies using camera traps to evaluate effects of forest management, forest fragmentation, agriculture, and hunting on terrestrial mammals. Deforestation is the major threat to Xenarthra, exacerbated by economic pressures, policy changes, and frequent extensive fires in the past decade. The majority of xenarthrans are affected by hunting for subsistence consumption, meat sales, and/or cultural purposes. Overall, the conservation status of Xenarthra species in Bolivia is thought to be relatively stable, with vast protected areas, indigenous territories, and certified forestry concessions where deforestation and hunting are limited. However, outside of protected areas, threats are increasing. Direct research on Bolivian Xenarthra is needed, especially studies on longterm population trends, habitat preferences, and distribution in less-studied and threatened ecosystems such as the Chiquitano Dry Forest and the Bolivian-Tucumán Forest.